Money & Brennan, 1968
Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Dept. of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

The authors researched the components of gender identity of FMTs. The main focus of the publication is to test psychological and clinical anamnesical data and its interpretation, not on aspects of follow-up studies. But because this data is also mentioned and the publication is cited more than once by other authors as a follow-up study -- it was printed again in the book Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment published by Green & Money (1969) -- we refer here to the main results. It is to be supposed that the described sample overlaps with the samples of Money & Ehrhardt (1970), Money (1971) and Jones (1972).

• Sample
• Study Methods
• Evaluation Fields and Criteria
• Results
• Authors' Conclusion
• Remarks

Study Methods
All patients were seen by the first author before, during and after surgery, the latter mostly at the same time as the surgical routine dates. Normally clinical interviews were conducted. Additionally, five patients were given intelligence tests as well as the Male-Female Scale of the Guilford-Zimmermann Temperament Survey. Twelve different interviewers, resp., test administrators, participated in the research.

Evaluation Fields and Criteria
Masculinity-femininity in accordance with Guilford-Zimmermann, role-typical behavior in infancy and youth, erotic preferences and fantasies, body acceptance, maternal, resp., paternal feelings.

Results
Most results of the research regard the characterization of pre-surgical behaviors and attitudes of the patients. After surgery, none of the males regretted the loss of the breasts and/or womb; phantom pain and phantom feelings were not experienced. As more an impression rather than concrete data, the authors report that some males mentioned having paternal more than maternal feelings towards real or imagined children.

Authors' Conclusion
"The most economical conclusion to draw from all the foregoing is that female transsexualism is a disorder of psychosexual differentiation and is, regardless of its still unknown etiology, a psychological manifestation" (p. 498). "The rationale of the sex reassignment procedure, hormonal and or surgical, is, therefore, based on a psychological criterion, namely the person's sense of sexual identity. It is essentially an ameliorative or palliative therapy. The evidence to date is that sex reassignment does, indeed, improve the human condition of the afflicted individual by reducing cognitive dissonance between the knowledge of one's body morphology and one's gender identity. Its effect is quite specific, however, and does not extend beyond the reduction of cognitive dissonance. It does not automatically clear away other psychological malfunctions (e.g., depression, paranoia, or phobic anxieties). The sex reassignment procedure is not only an individual therapy, but in a sense a social one also" (p. 499).

Remarks
The publication researches mostly psychologically measurable characteristics of the primary personality of a patient. Contrary to many other follow-up studies relating to the treatment results, the feelings of improvement or worsening is not questioned even after fundamental physical changes. This is noteworthy even though regarding this, the results are finally called rather impressionistic - even in the judgment of the authors themselves. In both layout and realization, this is a parallel research to Money & Primrose (1968) about MFTs.